[, Prasad AS, Beck FW, Grabowski SM, Kaplan J, Mathog RH. Zinc is a common element in nucleic-acid polymerases and transcription factors, where its role is considered to be structural rather than catalytic. Zinc is extracted from zinc blend mainly found in earth crust as source for zinc. The value of methods to determine zinc deficiency in patients with Crohn's disease. When the investigators considered intakes from both food and dietary supplements, they found that 20%–25% of older adults still had inadequate zinc intakes [24]. Chronic diarrhea also leads to excessive loss of zinc [27]. Zinc is an essential mineral that is naturally present in some foods, added to others, and available as a dietary supplement. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68:442S-6S. Am J Clin Pathol 2005;123:125-31. [, Prasad AS, Beck FW, Bao B, Snell D, Fitzgerald JT. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;(2):CD001273. Zinc supplementation alone significantly reduced the risk of developing advanced AMD in subjects at higher risk but not in the total study population. Zinc is widely used for plating that imparts corrosion resistant upper layer to various metals. It serves as an enzyme cofactor and protects cell membranes from lysis caused by complement activation and toxin release. Zinc requirements and the risks and benefits of zinc supplementation. Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA): Average daily level of intake sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97%–98%) healthy individuals; often used to plan nutritionally adequate diets for individuals. Zinc also supports normal growth and development during pregnancy, childhood, and adolescence [6-8] and is required for proper sense of taste and smell [9]. High zinc intakes can inhibit copper absorption, sometimes producing copper deficiency and associated anemia [84,85]. [, Wang LC, Busbey S. Images in clinical medicine. The zinc present in the pancreas may aid in the storage of insulin. Zinc intakes might also be low in older adults from the 2%–4% of U.S. households that are food insufficient (sometimes or often not having enough food) [25]. Zinc is also important to wound healing and your sense of taste and smell.With a varied diet, your body usually gets enough zinc. Zinc for the common cold. [, Nations SP, Boyer PJ, Love LA, Burritt MF, Butz JA, Wolfe GI, Hynan LS, Reisch J, Trivedi JR. Denture cream: an unusual source of excess zinc, leading to hypocupremia and neurologic disease. Get the latest research information from NIH: https://www.nih.gov/coronavirus, Have a question? [, Johnson AR, Munoz A, Gottlieb JL, Jarrard DF. It is called an "essential trace element" because very small amounts of zinc are necessary for human health. Zinc is a trace mineral found in all bodily tissues, but especially concentrated in the eye, bone, and male reproductive organs. Specific environments for nickel are also indicated for nucleic acids (or nucleic acid-binding proteins), since nickel activates the gene for hydrogenase.15, Manganese plays a critical role in oxygen evolution catalyzed by the proteins of the photosynthetic reaction center. J Trop Pediatr 1997;43:192-8. Zinc is important for growth and for the development and health of body tissues. [, Eby GA, Halcomb WW. [, Brewer GJ, Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan V, Johnson V, Dick RD, Wang Y. The Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS), a large, randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial (n = 3,597), evaluated the effect of high doses of selected antioxidants (500 mg vitamin C, 400 IU vitamin E, and 15 mg beta-carotene) with or without zinc (80 mg as zinc oxide) on the development of advanced AMD in older individuals with varying degrees of AMD [75]. The Biological Significance of Zinc This section is compiled by Frank M. Painter, D.C. Mild human zinc deficiency produces an imbalance between cell-mediated and humoral immunity. Among the transition metals used in living organisms, iron is the most abundant in the environment. Such data indicate the importance of mechanisms for accumulation, storage, and transport of transition metals and zinc in living organisms. Thus it is premature to exclude the possibility of Ni-proteins in animals. Dynamics of Poverty and Food Sufficiency. 1995 update. Wound Repair Regen 2007;15:2-16. Drug Saf 1995;12:314-33. This is a fact sheet intended for health professionals. AREDS2 found that a formulation providing 25 mg zinc (about one-third the amount in the original formulation) provided the same protective effect against developing advanced AMD. Zinc is also found in many cold lozenges and some over-the-counter drugs sold as cold remedies. Vanadium and chromium have several features in common, from a bioinorganic viewpoint.18a First, both metals are present in only small amounts in most organisms. Hambidge KM, Mild zinc deficiency in human subjects. [, Beck FW, Prasad AS, Kaplan J, Fitzgerald JT, Brewer GJ. Missed the LibreFest? [The biological significance of zinc (author's transl)]. However, research has not shown that the general use of zinc sulfate in patients with chronic leg ulcers or arterial or venous ulcers is effective [61,62]. [, Meydani SN, Barnett JB, Dallal GE, Fine BC, Jacques PF, Leka LS, et al. Zinc is a common environmental contaminant, because it is sprayed on cars to prevent rust. Supports progression and the healthy Intakes of 150–450 mg of zinc per day have been associated with such chronic effects as low copper status, altered iron function, reduced immune function, and reduced levels of high-density lipoproteins [87]. In more severe cases, zinc deficiency causes hair loss, diarrhea, delayed sexual maturation, impotence, hypogonadism in males, and eye and skin lesions [2,8,27,28]. Zinc deficiency in women, infants and children. Mineral intakes of elderly adult supplement and non-supplement users in the third national health and nutrition examination survey. The superoxide dismutase of bacteria and mitochondria, as well as pyruvate carboxylase in mammals, are also manganese proteins.16,17 How the multiple manganese atoms of the photosynthetic reaction center participate in the removal of four electrons and protons from water is the subject of intense investigation by spectroscopists, synthetic inorganic chemists, and molecular biologists.17. J Am Diet Assoc 2003;103:748-65. Vanadium is required for normal health, and could act in vivo either as a metal cation or as a phosphate analogue, depending on the oxidation state, V(lV) or V(V), respectively. Zinc deficiency: changes in cytokine production and T-cell subpopulations in patients with head and neck cancer and in noncancer subjects. Clin Infect Dis 2000;31:1202-8. Among the other well-characterized zinc proteins are the Cu-Zn superoxide dismutases (other forms have Fe or Mn), carbonic anhydrase (an abundant protein in red blood cells responsible for maintaining the pH of the blood), alcohol dehydrogenase, and a variety of hydrolases involved in the metabolism of sugars, proteins, and nucleic acids. Zinc is important for growth and for the development and health of body tissues. Patients with chronic leg ulcers have abnormal zinc metabolism and low serum zinc levels [59], and clinicians frequently treat skin ulcers with zinc supplements [60]. Fortification of foods with iron does not significantly affect zinc absorption. However, some evidence suggests that zinc intakes among older adults might be marginal. Zinc deficiency: a special challenge. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68:476S-9S. One case report cited severe nausea and vomiting within 30 minutes of ingesting 4 g of zinc gluconate (570 mg elemental zinc) [86]. High zinc levels can lead to issues like nausea, dizziness, vomiting and chest pain. Zinc-induced copper deficiency: a report of three cases initially recognized on bone marrow examination. [. Zinc deficiency, infectious disease and mortality in the developing world. Eur J Clin Nutr 1997;51 (1 Suppl):S17-9. [, Prasad AS. Therapeutic effects of oral zinc in acute and persistent diarrhea in children in developing countries: pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials. The results showed that MTF-1 has physiologic significance and can act as a repressor of ZIP10 under normal cellular levels of zinc. Any mention in this publication of a specific product or service, or recommendation from an organization or professional society, does not represent an endorsement by ODS of that product, service, or expert advice. J Am Med Assoc 1980;244:1960-1. January 2011; Journal of Clinical Toxicology s3(01) DOI: 10.4172/2161-0495.S3-001. Zinc supplementation has improved the growth rate in some children who demonstrate mild-to-moderate growth failure and who have a zinc deficiency [27,44]. Zinc deficiency and taste disorders. Food Labeling: Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels and Serving Sizes of Foods That Can Reasonably Be Consumed at One Eating Occasion; Dual-Column Labeling; Updating, Modifying, and Establishing Certain Reference Amounts Customarily Consumed; Serving Size for Breath Mints; and Technical Amendments; Proposed Extension of Compliance Dates. Similar findings were reported in a meta-analysis published in 2008 and a 2007 review of zinc supplementation for preventing and treating diarrhea [66,67]. Zinc absorption in inflammatory bowel disease. King JC, Cousins RJ. The children in these studies received 4–40 mg of zinc a day in the form of zinc acetate, zinc gluconate, or zinc sulfate [64]. [, Prasad AS. Most infants (especially those who are formula fed), children, and adults in the United States consume recommended amounts of zinc according to two national surveys, the 1988–1991 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) [22] and the 1994 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes of Individuals (CSFII) [23]. Solomons NW. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;75:181-2. Met Ions Biol Syst 2004;41:103-37. Cobalt is found in vitamin B12 , its only apparent biological site.12 The vitamin is a cyano complex, but a methyl or methylene group replaces CN in native enzymes. For more information about building a healthy diet, refer to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the U.S. Department of Agriculture's MyPlate. Vegetarians sometimes require as much as 50% more of the RDA for zinc than non-vegetarians [2]. Effect of weekly zinc supplements on incidence of pneumonia and diarrhoea in children younger than 2 years in an urban, low-income population in Bangladesh: randomised controlled trial. Does oral zinc aid the healing of chronic leg ulcers? [. Zinc toxicity can occur in both acute and chronic forms. Many denture creams have now been reformulated to eliminate zinc. For a reader-friendly overview of Zinc, see our consumer fact sheet on Zinc. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. The author of another review completed in 2004 also concluded that zinc can reduce the duration and severity of cold symptoms [68]. In others it plays a role in conformational stability. Pregnant women, particularly those starting their pregnancy with marginal zinc status, are at increased risk of becoming zinc insufficient due, in part, to high fetal requirements for zinc [42]. Phytates—which are present in whole-grain breads, cereals, legumes, and other foods—bind zinc and inhibit its absorption [2,12,13]. 2008 Aug 26;71(9):639-43. Zinc is relatively abundant in biological materials.8,9 The major location of zinc in the body is metallothionein, which also binds copper, chromium, mercury, and other metals. Effect of zinc sulphate on the absorption of tetracycline and doxycycline in man. Nutr Rev 1998;56:27-8. The most common zinc ore is sphalerite (zinc blende), a zinc sulfide mineral. [, Heyneman CA. In proteins, vanadium is a cofactor in an algal bromoperoxidase and in certain prokaryotic nitrogenases. In 77 participants with natural colds, a combination of zinc gluconate nasal spray and zinc orotate lozenges (37 mg zinc every 2–3 wakeful hours) was also found to have no effect on the number of asymptomatic patients after 7 days of treatment [72]. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) developed DVs to help consumers compare the nutrient contents of foods and dietary supplements within the context of a total diet. Approximately 30%–50% of alcoholics have low zinc status because ethanol consumption decreases intestinal absorption of zinc and increases urinary zinc excretion [47]. [, Hambidge KM, Krebs NF. Some Mo-proteins contain additional cofactors such as the Havins, e.g., in xanthine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase. Zinc deficiency: its characterization and treatment. Zinc is a mineral that your body uses for fighting off infections and producing cells. Dietary intake of antioxidants and risk of age-related macular degeneration. Second, the biological roles of each remain largely unknown.18 Finally, each has served as a probe to characterize the sites of other metals, such as iron and zinc. Zinc deficiency. Contribution of selected vitamins and trace elements to immune function. Therapeutic and preventive effects of zinc on serious childhood infectious diseases in developing countries. [, Lukacik M, Thomas RL, Aranda JV. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. [. It may be easier to identify the roles that zinc doesnt play in the body, than the roles it does play. Breast milk provides sufficient zinc (2 mg/day) for the first 4–6 months of life but does not provide recommended amounts of zinc for infants aged 7–12 months, who need 3 mg/day [2,36]. DRI is the general term for a set of reference values used for planning and assessing nutrient intakes of healthy people. Adequate Intake (AI): Intake at this level is assumed to ensure nutritional adequacy; established when evidence is insufficient to develop an RDA. Zinc is a critical component of the catalytic site of hundreds of kinds of different metalloenzymes in each human being. Changes in cytokine production and T cell subpopulations in experimentally induced zinc-deficient humans. Zinc is a bluish-white metal which is used to make other metals, or to cover other metals, such as steel, as a protective coating. Zinc can reduce the absorption and action of penicillamine, a drug used to treat rheumatoid arthritis [92]. As previously noted, the safety of intranasal zinc has been called into question because of numerous reports of anosmia (loss of smell), in some cases long-lasting or permanent, from the use of zinc-containing nasal gels or sprays [17-19]. Unless otherwise noted, LibreTexts content is licensed by CC BY-NC-SA 3.0. In North America, overt zinc deficiency is uncommon [2]. Severe zinc deficiency depresses immune function [51], and even mild to moderate degrees of zinc deficiency can impair macrophage and neutrophil functions, natural killer cell activity, and complement activity [52]. Zinc in Human Biology. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68 (2 Suppl):414S-7S. Ervin RB, Kennedy-Stephenson J. All the Ni-proteins known to date are from plants or bacteria.13,14 However, about 50 years elapsed between the crystallization of jack-bean urease in 1925 and the identification of the nickel component in the plant protein. Water-soluble and non-chelated, this is an inorganic form of zinc, and the results are … Interestingly, zinc enhances the stereoselectivity of the polymerization of nucleotides under reaction conditions designed to simulate the environment for prebiotic reactions. Arch Ophthalmol 1988;106:192-8. * DV = Daily Value. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;(2):CD000254. [. High dose zinc increases hospital admissions due to genitourinary complications. Whether this fact alone explains the biological predominance of iron or whether specific features of iron chemistry contribute is not clear. [, Willis MS, Monaghan SA, Miller ML, McKenna RW, Perkins WD, Levinson BS, et al. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2004;44:594-603. Intake recommendations for zinc and other nutrients are provided in the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) developed by the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (formerly National Academy of Sciences) [2]. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Aside from dietary zinc supplementation, zinc has been st… Upon reducing cellular zinc, repression is lost and MTF-1 is not translocated to the nucleus, allowing enhanced ZIP10 transcriptional activation. WHO/UNICEF Joint Statement, August, 2004. Individuals with low zinc levels have shown reduced lymphocyte proliferation response to mitogens and other adverse alterations in immunity that can be corrected by zinc supplementation [52,54]. The cobalt in vitamin B12 is coordinated to five N atoms, four contributed by a tetrapyrrole (corrin); the sixth ligand is C, provided either by C5 of deoxyadenosine in enzymes such as methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (fatty acid metabolism) or by a methyl group in the enzyme that synthesizes the amino acid methionine in bacteria. [, Anderson I. Zinc as an aid to healing. A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. Zinc is involved in numerous aspects of cellular metabolism. Zinc is not stored in the body; therefore, dietary intake is required. JAMA 1990;264:1441-3. Meat and seafood are rich in zinc.1, 2 The role of zinc in human health and functioning has primarily focused on dietary supplementation for the promotion of health and disease prevention. [, Lansdown AB, Mirastschijski U, Stubbs N, Scanlon E, Agren MS. Zinc in wound healing: theoretical, experimental, and clinical aspects. These reactions are fundamental to life and biological activity. Taking iron supplements between meals helps decrease its effect on zinc absorption [83]. [, Whittaker P. Iron and zinc interactions in humans. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, 50 subjects (within 24 hours of developing the common cold) took a zinc acetate lozenge (13.3 mg zinc) or placebo every 2–3 wakeful hours. 1.1: Biological Significance of Iron, Zinc, Copper, Molybdenum, Cobalt, Chromium, Vanadium, and Nickel, https://chem.libretexts.org/@app/auth/2/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FInorganic_Chemistry%2FBook3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al. Mr, Kokan L. zinc gluconate is used to treat and to prevent zinc deficiency produces an imbalance between and., Radimer KL JB, Dallal GE, Fine BC, Jacques PF, Leka LS, al... 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